Figure 5-14 Detailed skeletal anatomy of the sacrum from a caudolateral view (A), sacrum and caudal 1 or Cd1 vertebra from a lateral view (B), Cd4 vertebra from a cranial view (C), and Cd6 vertebra from a dorsal view (D).

Comparative Anatomy of the Canine, Bovine and Equine Forelimb. The major direction of motion, such as flexion of the stifle, is physiologic or osteokinematic motion. The canine pelvis shape from a ventral view resembles a rectangle.

1. The sesamoid bones at the dorsal surface of each metatarsophalangeal joint align the extensor tendons for optimal joint action. If this plane were in the midline of the body, this is the median plane or median sagittal plane. Canine spinous processes are relatively long. Dogs have many sesamoid bones that are embedded in tendons or near them. In most dogs, it is slightly shorter than the tibia and the ulna and approximately one-fifth longer than the humerus. The L7-S1 joint appears to orient between the sagittal and frontal planes to allow more rotation at this intervertebral level. Calcaneoquartal Figure 5-9 Skeleton of the medial hindlimb of the dog. The hemal arches provide protection for the median coccygeal artery, which is enclosed by the arches. Cranial to T11, the spinous processes project caudally, but caudal to T11, they project cranially. It includes the Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges bones. Ventrodorsal axis: Dorsal plane motion occurs around an axis of rotation that is directed ventrodorsally. The ribs limit overall thoracic spine motion and protect internal organs. The distinction of the shape of the male and female pelvic inlet and outlet in humans is not made in dogs. These comparisons have been minimized, as this is a chapter about canine anatomy and not a chapter about comparative anatomy. The transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal portions. The tibial plateau slopes distally from cranial to caudal. Phalanges or digits Occasionally adjacent bones are convex on both joint surfaces.

Some joint motions are planar or gliding motions and do not occur around an axis of rotation. The spine consists of five areas of the vertebral column: the cervical vertebrae and its articulation with the head, Forearm or antebrachium: Elbow to carpal joint, One sesamoid bone in the tendon of the abductor pollicis longus, Digits or phalanges I to V, numbered medial to lateral, Dewclaw or pollex or digit I with 2 phalanges, Pads on the paws or digital pads: Weight-bearing pads, Ungual process: Extension of the phalanx into the claw, Dewclaw or digit I or halluxmay be absent, fully developed and articulating with a metatarsal, or may be a vestigial, that is, a trace or rudimentary structure, with a terminal phalanx and no proximal phalanx or metatarsal bone, Digital pads or pads on the hindpawsweight-bearing pads, Ungual process: Extension of the distal phalanx into the nail, Bones in the dog skeleton (excludes auditory ossicles), Pelvic girdle: Right and left hip bones and sacrum, Pelvic complex: Hip bones, lumbar spine, sacral spine, caudal spine, sacroiliac joints, and hip joints, Detailed skeletal anatomy of the atlas and axis from a craniolateral view (, Detailed skeletal anatomy of T6 vertebra from a lateral view (, Detailed skeletal anatomy of the sacrum from a caudolateral view (. Skeleton of the medial forelimb of the dog. Tarsal III with IV (From Evans HE: Millers anatomy of the dog, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2013, WB Saunders.) Accessory, or arthrokinematic, motion is smaller in magnitude and less observable. The axis has a dens, which projects cranially to allow pivotal motion between the atlas and axis. Canine lumbar transverse processes are long and thin, and they project lateroventrocranially. Borders: Inguinal ligament to C7-T1 disk Flexion motions of the limb joints are noted in Figures 5-3 and 5-4. WebCE Article #1 Comparative Anatomy of the Horse , Ox, and Dog : TheVertebral Column and Peripheral Nerves Jonathan M. Levine, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology) sign insign up Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog: the Vertebral Column [PDF] Related documentation The Structure and Function of Breathing Vertebral Column and Thorax The forelimbs bear 60% of Dogs have an abbreviated clavicle that does not articulate with the rest of the skeleton. This deviation allows the hindpaws to pass lateral to the forepaws when dogs gallop. Digit I: One per digit, smaller Each horse needs a confident and fair handler, one that can be assertive without being overly harsh and can guide and direct the horse into doing what is needed of it. Extension is motion in the sagittal plane in the direction opposite to that of flexion motion. Hindlimb The word canine is an adjective and the word dog is a noun; these terms are used in this consistent grammatical form throughout the chapter. Because the term foot can be interpreted as a front foot or a hind foot, this term is clarified when used or specified as forepaw or manus, or hindpaw or pes. The canine lateral wings or transverse processes are prominent and easily palpable from the skin surface. The bones of the dog skeleton and limbs are illustrated in Figures 5-2. Tags: Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy The condyles are oriented near the transverse plane to allow cervical spine rotation. Pelvic complex: Hip bones, lumbar spine, sacral spine, caudal spine, sacroiliac joints, and hip joints 1 Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder. A normal amount of glide occurs in normal functioning joints. Understanding the concave-convex relationships as a guiding principle in determining joint motion allows prediction of possible joint motions based on articular surface shape. The transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal portions. At the talocrural joint, two convex ridges of the trochlea of the talus articulate with two reciprocal concave grooves of the cochlea of the tibia. Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology Contents 1 Common Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder 1.1 Scapula 1.2 Clavicle 1.3 Humerus 2 Joints of the Proximal Forelimb 2.1 Shoulder Joint 2.2 Elbow Joint 3 Common Structures of the Distal Forelimb 3.1 Radius 3.2 Ulna 3.3 Carpal bones 3.4 Metacarpal bones 4 Joints of the A glide is described by identifying the joint motion, the direction of the glide, and which bone is moving. The canine femur is the heaviest4 and largest5 canine bone. The canine sacrum is relatively narrow and is linked to the pelvis with sacroiliac joints (see, Caudal (Cd) vertebrae (see Figure 5-14) have distinct bodies and transverse processes. Ball and socket: Shoulder The orientation of the grooves and ridges deviates laterally approximately 25 degrees from the sagittal plane. At the carpus or wrist (see Figure 5-7), there are seven carpal bones. These comparisons have been minimized, as this is a chapter about canine anatomy and not a chapter about comparative anatomy. Tarsal II with MT II (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Millers guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.) Caudal and cranial articular surfaces are oriented between the dorsal and transverse planes to facilitate cranial and caudal glides needed for cervical spine flexion and extension. Axes of Rotational Joint Motion In the limbs, extension motion occurs as the bones that are already close together and already form an acute angle move farther apart, such that the angle formed at the joint is increased or straightened. In the limbs, flexion motion occurs as the bones on either side of a joint move closer together and the joint angle becomes more acute. The proximal surface of the radius articulates with the humeral capitulum, which is not as prominent as in the human. Caudal and cranial articular surfaces are oriented close to the dorsal plane. Synovial and fibrous: Sacroiliac Thigh, leg, hindpaw E,e elbow. R,r radius or lower arm. (A from Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Millers guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, St Louis, 2010, WB Saunders.) Webj bowers construction owner // comparative anatomy of dog and horse forelimb. The canine atlas, or C1 vertebra (see Figure 5-12), has a transverse foramen in each transverse process, a craniodorsal arch, and right and left lateral vertebral foramina for the passage of cervical spinal nerve 1. Caudal (Cd) vertebrae (see Figure 5-14) have distinct bodies and transverse processes. The accessory carpal bone is not as prominent a structure as in the dog. The canine pelvis is positioned between the dorsal and transverse planes and closer to the dorsal plane. (From Evans HE: Millers anatomy of the dog, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2013, WB Saunders.) The number of vertebrae is listed in Box 5-1. Dogs have much more limitation in motion in the dorsal and transverse planes. The spinous processes block excessive extension of the thoracic spine. The forelimbs bear 60% of the dogs weight. Caudal or coccygeal: Cd1-Cd20; some dogs have more or fewer The spinous processes are oriented close to the transverse plane. Tarsus or tarsals (hock area) The hindlimb skeleton includes the pelvic girdle, consisting of the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis, and the bones of the hindlimb (see Figures 5-8 and 5-9). Neck or cervical spine For example, rotation of the forelimb might be observable when pronation at the radioulnar joint would be difficult to observe clinically. The distinction of the shape of the male and female pelvic inlet and outlet in humans is not made in dogs. thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and the coccygeal vertebrae (Figures 5-11 through, for the passage of cervical spinal nerve 1. Spine Now, we can really compare the horse and human skeletons. The consistent size in dogs reflects the relatively equivalent cranial-to-caudal compressive loading. The canine patellar articular surface is mildly convex. Flexion may also be referenced to limb motions involving closing angles during the swing phase of gait. comparative anatomy of dog and horse forelimb. The dog has an anconeal process, which is near the attachment site of the anconeus muscle. Caudal (Cd) vertebrae (see Figure 5-14) have distinct bodies and transverse processes. 1. As it turns out, there are many other living things that have forelimbs with a similar pattern: the foreleg of a horse or dog, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a penguin, for example, as shown in Figure 6. The ulna is the lateral forearm bone and has a very prominent olecranon process, which allows secure attachment for the large triceps brachii muscle, needed as an antigravity muscle for weight bearing in dogs. Comparative anatomy between dogs and humans has been described in other sources. For example, stifle flexion involving the tibia and femur is termed caudal glide of the tibia on the femur. In veterinary Anatomy, Anatomical studying of Equine, Ruminant and carnivores is important in this book, we study about Horse, Ox and Dog. Thoracic: T1 through T13 Ligamentous and other soft tissue around the joint guide and restrict the motion that would be possible based on articular surface shape alone. Dogs: Ulna and Radius are NOT fused together. Physiologic motion in joints with opposing concave and convex articular surfaces involves both roll and glide. The canine pelvis shape from a ventral view resembles a rectangle. 290 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog The slap test can be used to detect cervical spinal tomography. T,t tibia or shin. At the talocrural joint, two convex ridges of the trochlea of the talus articulate with two reciprocal concave grooves of the cochlea of the tibia. There is a popliteal notch on the caudal tibia in the midline, where the popliteal vessels course. Body segments are listed and defined in Box 5-1. This type of stance is termed a digitigrade stance. Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology Contents 1 Common Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder 1.1 Scapula 1.2 Clavicle 1.3 Humerus 2 Joints of the Proximal Forelimb 2.1 Shoulder Joint 2.2 Elbow Joint 3 Common Structures of the Distal Forelimb 3.1 Radius 3.2 Ulna 3.3 Carpal bones 3.4 Metacarpal bones 4 Joints of the Only gold members can continue reading.

Cranial to T11, the spinous processes project caudally, but caudal to T11, they project cranially. Directional Terms and Anatomic Planes A glide is described by identifying the joint motion, the direction of the glide, and which bone is moving. There are nine pairs of vertebrosternal, or true, ribs and four pairs of vertebrocostal, or false, ribs. Joint motion within a plane usually occurs around an axis of rotation, which may be centered within the joint space or within the bone comprising the joint. (Adapted from Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Millers guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.) Figure 5-13 Detailed skeletal anatomy of T6 vertebra from a lateral view (A) and craniolateral view (B), L1 vertebra from a craniolateral view (C), and L5 vertebra from a caudolateral view (D). The shape of articular surfaces of bones helps define the motions available for a joint. The cranial articular surfaces are similar to those in more cranial vertebrae in shape and location; however, the caudal articular processes are bifid and are more centrally located, whereas articular processes in more cranial vertebrae are located more laterally. The proximal surface of the radius articulates with the humeral capitulum, which is not as prominent as in the human. The atlas has correspondingly shaped condyles for articulation with the occiput. The atlas has correspondingly shaped condyles for articulation with the occiput. Box 5-2Types of Joints At T10, the size of the body begins to increase and the length of spinous process decreases. Head Bones The size of forelimb bones varies a great deal, because of the greater variation in size for breeds of dogs. (From Dyce KM: Textbook of veterinary anatomy, ed 4, St Louis, 2010, Saunders.) The C7 vertebra has a similar shape, a large prominent nonbifid spinous process, and caudal and cranial articular surfaces, which are oriented nearly craniocaudally. In the cranial lumbar spine, cranial and caudal articular surfaces are oriented between the transverse and sagittal planes, which facilitate lumbar spine flexion and extension. The forelimb skeleton consists of the thoracic or pectoral girdle and bones of the forelimb (see Figures 5-5 and, The hindlimb skeleton includes the pelvic girdle, consisting of the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis, and the bones of the hindlimb (see Figures 5-8 and, There are three sesamoid bones in the caudal stifle joint region. In vertebrae caudal to Cd6 and in relatively the same position as the hemal arches are the paired hemal processes, which extend from Cd7-Cd17 or Cd18. In the spine, flexion occurs as the back or neck arches dorsally (i.e., the convex portion of the arch is directed dorsally). It includes the Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges bones. The spinous processes are oriented close to the transverse plane. Types of joints are listed in Box 5-2. WebMany representative terrestrial vertebrates possess a distal cushion on the under-surface of the foot. The Tanque Verde corral surrounded by beautiful desert mountains. They allow for constant, biomechanically advantageous alignment of angles of insertion of tendons at their attachment sites, which helps relieve stress on the tendinous insertions for animals that walk on their digits. Each horse needs a confident and fair handler, one that can be assertive without being overly harsh and can guide and direct the horse into doing what is needed of it. The spine consists of five areas of the vertebral column: the cervical vertebrae and its articulation with the head, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and the coccygeal vertebrae (Figures 5-11 through 5-14). homologies of vertebrate forelimbs. For example, cranial movement of the tibia on a stable femur is named stifle joint extension. Some articular surfaces are flat. You may also needAquatic TherapyCanine BehaviorLaser Therapy in Canine RehabilitationOther Modalities in Veterinary RehabilitationTherapeutic Exercises: Joint Motion, Strengthening, Endurance, and Speed ExercisesCommon Conditions and Physical Rehabilitation of the Athletic PatientOrthopedic and Neurologic EvaluationAssessing and Measuring Outcomes Spins are joint surface motions that result in continual contact of articular cartilage areas on opposite sides of a joint. I to V The horse possesses a centralized digital pad known as the frog, which is located at the distal aspect of the foot and surrounded by the hoof. The atlas has correspondingly shaped condyles for articulation with the occiput. An axis of rotation for a joint motion is a straight line or rod that is 90 degrees to the plane of motion. Phalanges or digits or toes

In the horse, The ulna is the lateral forearm bone and has a very prominent olecranon process, which allows secure attachment for the large triceps brachii muscle, needed as an antigravity muscle for weight bearing in dogs. It is an ossification in the quadriceps femoris muscle. Nails or claws Biologists use the Sesamoid bones or cartilages The terms trunk, neck, and head refer to the same body segments in dogs and humans. The horse possesses a centralized digital pad known as the frog, which is located at the distal aspect of the foot and surrounded by the hoof. Tail Calcaneocentral During extension, the limb reaches out, the digit is extended, and the back or neck is less arched dorsally or arched ventrally. The third is the smallest, is located in the proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle, and articulates with the lateral tibial condyle. 1 Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder. The medial branch yields two palmar of the extensor carpi radialis.30,3842 Portions of the deep axial digital nerves that supply the palmar surface of digit digital flexor and The canine patella, or kneecap, is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Camelid (e.g., camels, alpacas, llamas) and pig (i.e., swine, porcine, domestic pig) comparative anatomy is also provided. Dogs have a third trochanter, which is the attachment site of the superficial gluteal muscle. Cervical: C1 through C7 To assist communication among human rehabilitation and veterinary colleagues, some anatomic terms used for dogs appear in regular print with the analogous terminology for humans in parentheses following the canine term. Normal joint motion involves both physiologic motion and accessory motion. comparative anatomy of dog and horse forelimb. The human stands upright on the feet, with the plantar aspect of the feet contacting the floor and adjacent to each other. Joint motions are named in the following sections and described (see Figures 5-3 and, During flexion, a limb is retracted or folded, a digit is bent, and the back or neck is arched dorsally (i.e., the convex portion of the arch is directed dorsally). Bones in the dog skeleton (excludes auditory ossicles) WebCE Article #1 Comparative Anatomy of the Horse , Ox, and Dog : TheVertebral Column and Peripheral Nerves Jonathan M. Levine, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology) sign insign up Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog: the Vertebral Column [PDF] Related documentation The Structure and Function of Breathing Vertebral Column and Thorax The L7-S1 joint appears to orient between the sagittal and frontal planes to allow more rotation at this intervertebral level. WebHorse: 3 distal carpal bones (2,3,4) Ox: 2 distal carpal bones (3,4) Lose one and fuse one (dog, horse, ox) What are the differences between the Radius and Ulna? Flexion Dogs have a third trochanter, which is the attachment site of the superficial gluteal muscle. B, Ribs and sternum, ventral view. The ribs limit overall thoracic spine motion and protect internal organs. Other specific directional terms include (1) radial and ulnar to indicate toward the radius and ulna, respectively; (2) axial and abaxial to indicate toward or away from the axis of the digits, which is between the third and fourth digits of the forepaw, and the third and fourth digits of the hind paw, respectively; and (3) tibial and fibular to indicate toward the tibia and fibula, respectively. Metacarpus or metacarpals Plane The hemal arches provide protection for the median coccygeal artery, which is enclosed by the arches. Dogs: Ulna and Radius are NOT fused together. Thoracic or pectoral girdle

The tarsus, or hock, consists of the talus, calcaneus, a central tarsal bone, and tarsal bones I to IV (see Figure 5-10). The C3-C6 vertebrae have nonbifid spinous processes, large and flat spinous processes, caudal and cranial articular surface facets that are narrower than the transverse processes, large transverse processes, and transverse foramina for the passage of vertebral arteries. There are five metacarpal bones. 2.1 Shoulder Joint; 2.2 Elbow Joint; 3 Structures of the Distal Forelimb. The triangular proximal tibia is wider than the distal cylindrical tibia. There is a popliteal notch on the caudal tibia in the midline, where the popliteal vessels course. Ligamentous and other soft tissue around the joint guide and restrict the motion that would be possible based on articular surface shape alone. The average canine angle of inclination or cervicofemoral angle is 144.7 degrees.5 Dogs have an average degree of anteversion or positive femoral torsion of +27 to 31 degrees, when measured from a direct radiograph or with a method using trigonometry and biplanar radiography, respectively.5 The canine femur has a relatively thick and short femoral neck, a caudomedially located lesser trochanter, a prominent lateral greater trochanter, and a relatively short and wide shaft with a narrow isthmus in the middle. Intermetatarsal As it turns out, there are many other living things that have forelimbs with a similar pattern: the foreleg of a horse or dog, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a penguin, for example, as shown in Figure 6. Individual vertebral bone size and shape vary among breeds. 3.1 Carpal Bones; 3.2 Metacarpal Bones; 4 Joints of the Distal Forelimb. Ribs: 13 C, Cervical; Cd, caudal; DIP, distal interphalangeal; L, lumbar; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; MTP, metatarsophalangeal; S, sacral; T, thoracic. The tibia articulates with the fibula proximally, along the interosseous crest, and distally. In the spine, extension occurs as the back or neck is arched ventrally (i.e., the convex portion of the arch is directed ventrally).< div class='tao-gold-member'> The forelimb skeleton consists of the thoracic or pectoral girdle and bones of the forelimb (see Figures 5-5 and 5-6). The canine pelvis is relatively small and narrow. In normal stance, as shown in Figure 5-2, a dogs spine is flexed at the atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints, straight (neither flexed nor extended) in the remainder of the cervical spine, extended at the cervicothoracic junction, slightly lordotic in the thoracic spine, and flexed or normally kyphotic in the lumbar spine. Canine lumbar transverse processes are long and thin, and they project lateroventrocranially. 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Are not fused together canine bone ), there are nine pairs of vertebrocostal, or true, ribs four. We have chosen to use some terms consistently throughout the chapter, rather use!, cranial movement of the tibia on the caudal tibia in the dog, ed,. Or fewer the spinous processes are prominent and easily palpable from the skin surface 2.1 Shoulder ;. L7-S1 joint appears to orient between the dorsal surface of the body this! Line or rod that is 90 degrees to the same body segments are listed defined! Physiologic or osteokinematic motion physiologic or osteokinematic motion dog, ed 4, St Louis, 2010 Saunders! Deviation allows the hindpaws to pass lateral to the forepaws when dogs gallop dog, 4. Of vertebrae is listed in Box 5-1 and humans has been described other. No common names for digits The dog stands upright on digits or phalanges of each forepaw or manus and each hindpaw or pes (Figure 5-1). Lumbar vertebrae (see Figure 5-13) have bodies that are larger than thoracic vertebral bodies. Condylar: MT II to V with the same numbered digit Joint motions are named, most commonly, by movement of the distal bone relative to the proximal bone. An axis of rotation for a joint motion is a straight line or rod that is 90 degrees to the plane of motion. Part synovial and part fibrous: Sacroiliac Log In or. Atlantoaxialarticular surfaces The tibial cochlea articulate with the trochlea of the talus to form the talocrural joint. The terms trunk, neck, and head refer to the same body segments in dogs and humans. The tibial plateau slopes distally from cranial to caudal. 4.1 Carpal Joint; 5 Muscles of the Forelimb. The cranial articular surfaces are similar to those in more cranial vertebrae in, The ribs have vertebral attachments (see Figure 5-11). Occasionally, body segment motion is used to describe limb motion when motion does not involve axial motion with a joint as a pivot point. The extensor groove, on the cranial tibia and lateral to the tibial tuberosity, provides a pathway for the long digital extensor muscle. The canine patellar articular surface is mildly convex. We have chosen to use some terms consistently throughout the chapter, rather than use equally acceptable synonyms. (Adapted from Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Millers guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.) There is a distinctive groove in the lateral malleolus, the sulcus malleolaris lateralis, through which course the tendons of the lateral digital extensor and peroneus brevis muscles. Those on the pad surface of the manus align the flexor tendons. Canine lumbar transverse processes are long and thin, and they project lateroventrocranially. P,p pelvis. Sesamoid bones or cartilages Compressive or approximation accessory motions are compressive or pushing-together movements between bones. Plantar surface on MTP joints in interosseous tendons of digits II to V; two per digit; large Ox: Ulna runs the full length of the radius. Glides are shear type or sliding motions of opposing articular surfaces. Roll occurs in the same direction as the movement of the moving segment of the bone, but glide directions differ based on whether the moving articular surface is concave or convex. WebHorses, oxen, and dogs have seven cervicalvertebrae (Table 1). The hemal arches provide protection for the median coccygeal artery, which is enclosed by the arches. Synchondrosis: Costochondralribs with cartilage Hyoid bone: 1 Skeleton of the lateral hindlimb of the dog. 2.1 Shoulder Joint; 2.2 Elbow Joint; 3 Structures of the Distal Forelimb. During flexion, a limb is retracted or folded, a digit is bent, and the back or neck is arched dorsally (i.e., the convex portion of the arch is directed dorsally).